Before 20th Century

"It's our policy not to comment on ongoing operations." The specific order and/or accurate dates presented in this article has never been confirmed by Marvel Studios and/or Marvel Television. They have been inferred by fans and therefore they can be inaccurate, incomplete, or biased.

This is a timeline of events that occurred before the 20th century.

Before c. 13,800,000,000 B.C.

• The Dark Elf species originates in the Ginnungagap, the vast, primordial darkness that existed prior to the creation of the manifest universe, where they reigned absolute and unchallenged.^[1]

c. 13,800,000,000 B.C.

• As the universe comes into existence, six pre-existing singularities are formed into the six Infinity Stones (Space, Mind, Reality, Power, Soul, and Time) by the Cosmic Entities.^[2][3][4]

c. 4,540,000,000 B.C.

• Planet Earth is formed.^[5]

c. 80,000,000 B.C.

• The Celestials use the Power Stone to impose judgment upon enemy civilizations. Over time, the Cosmic Beings are overwhelmed by the Stone's power and attempt to dispose of it by encasing it in an Orb and storing it away in the Temple Vault on Morag.^[3][6]
• The Celestial Ego is born. After gaining self-consciousness, Ego creates layers of matter around himself, eventually forming a new planet over millions of years. Ego also creates an humanoid avatar and explores the universe in an attempt to find life besides himself, but feels disappointed in what he finds. Eventually, he begins planting seeds on many of these worlds, with the intent of one day using them to absorb all life until only he remains.^[6][7]

c. 2,500,000 B.C.

• A meteorite made of vibranium strikes the east of the continent which would come to be known as Africa. It affects the plant life around it, imbuing it with strength, prosperity, and mysticism.^[8][9]

c. 30,100 B.C.

• A Chronicom begins its life. Thousands of years later, it would assume the identity of "Enoch".^[10][11]
• The Eternals, a species genetically engineered by the Celestials, begin inhabiting Earth amongst the human populace.^[12]

c. 28,000 B.C.

• The Chronicom agent later to be known as Enoch is sent to Earth to study the evolution of the human race.^[13][14]
• As the time of human intelligence comes, five tribes in East Africa settle on the land where the Vibranium meteor struck and call it "Wakanda".^[9][15]

c. 10,000 B.C.

• The five tribes of Wakanda live in constant war with each other until, one day, a warrior shaman named Bashenga receives a vision from the panther goddess Bast, who leads him to the Heart-Shaped Herb. Bashenga ingests the plant and it grants him superhuman strength, speed, and instincts. He becomes king and the first Black Panther, the protector of Wakanda. While four of the tribes agree to live under Bashenga's reign, the Jabari Tribe instead choose to isolate themselves in the mountains.^[9][16]
• A Gibborim Royal Family led by Magistrate is exiled from their home planet. They use a Xartan named Xavin, who is stowaways on the Gibborim spaceship in order to fulfill a prophecy told on her planet, to steer the ship. They crash on Earth and get trapped in the spaceship except for the Magistrate.^[17][18]

7353 B.C.

• Buri, the first king of Asgard, is born.^[19][20]

c. 5700 B.C.

• Agamotto forms the Masters of the Mystic Arts as a league of magic practitioners, dedicated to learning Magic so to safeguard the Earth from dimensional evils.^[21][22]

5244 B.C.

• Bor Burison is born to Buri, king of Asgard.^[19][23][1]

c. 3500 B.C.

• In order to raise their chances in the war against their enemies, a rogue Kree faction visits numerous planets, genetically altering a number of sentient life forms in order to create biological weapons. One of the planets visited is Earth, and the Kree's experiments give rise to an unique caste of genetically altered Humans. When these humans are deemed ready for war, the Kree expose them to Terrigen Mist, which activates their special genetic ability of Terrigenesis; a process which imbues the human with a power unique to them. They construct the Diviners, containment devices built to hold Terrigen Crystals.^[24] The Diviners will only open if one of these genetically altered humans brings them to a cityscape built beneath the planet's surface, releasing the mist so as to "divine" those who have the altered Terrigen Gene. The Kree hierarchy discovers the faction's illegal activities and the operation is abandoned. The Kree disperse from Earth, leaving behind six Diviners, the city, and at least one of their deceased kin. These genetically altered humans eventually start to call themselves "Inhumans".^[25][24]
• A powerful Inhuman, referred to as Alveus, is created by the Kree to dominate the rest of his race, but eventually overpowers his own creators and banishes them from Earth.^[25][26][27] The humans and other Inhumans, afraid of his powers, banish him to a distant planet through a Kree Monolith. Followers of the exiled Inhuman found a secret society and start planning its return to Earth in order to let him rule it.^[25][28]

• On the distant planet, the Inhuman finds nine powerful and advanced, yet very divided, civilizations. The Inhuman consumes all life in these civilizations until they are completely wiped out.^[25][29]

3480 B.C.

• Odin Borson is born to Bor Burison, becoming the heir to the throne of Asgard.^[19][30][1]

3460 B.C.

• Odin defeats Surtur in battle. The Fire Demon would then spend nearly 5500 years recovering in Muspelheim, before his encounter with Odin's son, Thor, in 2017.^[31][30][32]

2988 B.C.

• The Convergence occurs. The gravitational anomalies that it causes allows the construction of several megalithic monuments, particularly Stonehenge.^[1][33]

• First Battle of Svartalfheim:
  • The Dark Elves led by Malekith try to destroy the Nine Realms with the power of the Aether, the Reality Stone. They are stopped by the Asgardian army led by Bor, who successfully seized the Aether.^[1][33]
  • In an effort to save his race, Malekith kills most of his army and much of Bor's army, then puts his remaining forces into a sleep which lasts for millennia. Bor orders for the Aether to be hidden in the deepest area possible, where no one can access it.^[1][33]

c. 716 B.C.

• The Odyssey is published, including the character of Odysseus.^[34][35]

679 B.C.

• Hela Odinsdottir is born to Odin Borson, becoming the rightful heir to the throne of Asgard as his firstborn.^[19][36][1]

659 B.C.

• Subjugation of the Nine Realms: As Hela reaches adulthood, she begins to fight alongside her father, Odin. Over the years, together, they build Asgard's empire across the realms and build its glory.^[37][36][32]

639 B.C.

• By the time Odin decides to stop his conquest after realising peace is the true way to unite the Nine Realms, Hela's ambition has grown too large, and coupled with her tremendous powers, she ultimately tries to take the throne and Odin is forced to battle and imprison his daughter in the realm of Hel after defeating her, for the safety of the Asgardians. There she was kept for nearly 2700 years, until her escape in 2017. Odin would spend the next several centuries burying her history and pretending she never existed. When his next child, Thor, was born over 1600 years later, he claimed him to be his actual firstborn.^[37][36][32]

c. 500 B.C.

• The Wakandans begin to construct taller buildings in the main city.^[38][9]

450 B.C.

• The Art of War is first published.^[39][40]

384 B.C.

• Aristotle is born.^[41][22]

c. 380 B.C.

• The Allegory of the Cave is published in Republic.^[34][42]

356 B.C.

July

21/22

• Alexander the Great is born.^[41][43]

323 B.C.

June

10/11

• Alexander the Great dies.^[34][43]

322 B.C.

• Aristotle dies.^[34][22]

c. 16 A.D.

• The elders of K'un-Lun study how to harness the Chi for medical purposes, but five of them wish to use it to gain immortality. The five are banished from the Order of the Crane Mother and later they found the Hand. The Hand learns how to use dead Dragon bones for the Resurrection Elixir,^[44][45] and starts conquering East Asia. A group called the Chaste stands in their way and a rivalry that lasts thousands of years begins.^[46][47]

79 A.D.

August

24th

• Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79: The Hand causes the destruction of the city of Pompeii, which is later covered up as a natural volcanic eruption.^[44][34]

c. 200 A.D.

• Wakanda thrives as the world around them continues to war, implementing war elephants in battle.^[48][9]

650 A.D.

• A vibranium tool, which would eventually come into the hands of the Fula tribe of Benin, is forged in Wakanda.^[49][9]

c. 950 A.D.

• Massacre of the Valkyrie: After nearly 1600 years of imprisonment, Hela attempts to escape from her prison of Hel. Her father and the man who imprisoned her, Odin, sends his army of Valkyries on their flying steeds to keep her at bay. They attempt to prevent her escape, but Hela is too much for them and she massacres the whole army, save for Brunnhilde, who is saved by one of her teammates. Odin intervenes and enters Hel. The All-Father manages to overpower and reimprison Hela.^[32][50]
• Brunnhilde forsakes Asgard and escapes to the junk planet of Sakaar, where she intends to live out the rest of her days drinking and salvaging, attempting to leave her old Valkyrie life behind her.^[50][32]

964 A.D.

• Thor Odinson is born to Odin Borson and Frigga, and claimed to be Odin's firstborn child, and thus the heir to the throne of Asgard. He is not told about his imprisoned older sister until the day of his father's death in 2017.^[51]

965 A.D.

• Battle of Tønsberg: The Frost Giants of Jotunheim attempt to conquer Midgard/Earth, starting their invasion in Tønsberg, Norway. The Asgardians hear of the attack, assemble their army and prepare for battle.^[52][53]
• A son is born to Laufey, king of the Frost Giants. He is left out to die in Jotunheim.^[52]
• Battle of Jotunheim: Odin leads the Asgardian army in an epic battle against the Frost Giants, to repel their invasion and protect Midgard.^[52][53]
• The Asgardians force the Frost Giants back to Jotunheim, where Odin discovers an abandoned Frost Giant infant. He adopts the child, names him Loki, and raises him alongside his own son, Thor. He later negotiates a truce with Jotunheim's king, Laufey.^[52][53]

973 A.D.

• An 8-year-old Loki uses his sorcery to turn himself into snakes, enticing his older brother, Thor, who is nearly 9, to go and pick him up. Once Thor has done so, Loki turns back into his usual form and stabs Thor, considering it a practical joke.^[51][32]

975 A.D.

• In Asgard, Odin tells his sons Loki and Thor of his success in the battle in Jotunheim, and that they were both born to be kings.^[54][52]

995 A.D.

• The Kree and Skrulls engage in a war which lasts for over a thousand years.^[55]

1014

• The Kree and Nova Empires engage in a war which lasts for over a thousand years.^[3]

1015

• Thanos is born on Titan.^[56]

1162

• Genghis Khan is approximately born.^[41][43]

1197

February

8th

• A warrior from Asgard's Berserker Army defects from Asgard to live on Earth. He decides his weapon, the Berserker Staff, which greatly enhances the wielder's strength, is too powerful for anyone to possess, so he breaks it into three pieces and hides each one in different locations across Europe.^[57]

April

2nd

• The Berserker Warrior receives food and shelter at a monastery in Ireland, where he is venerated as a saint. He shares his true identity with the priests, who have a vow of silence, and hides a piece of the Berserker Staff in the monastery.^[57]

August

26th

• The Berserker Warrior hides the second piece of his staff inside a tree in the future location of Trillemarka National Park, Norway.^[57]

December

11th

• The Berserker Warrior hides the final piece of his staff in the catacombs under a church in Seville, Spain.^[57]

1227

August

18th

• Genghis Khan dies.^[34][43]

1316

• The Ancient One is born.^[58]

c. 1343

• Geoffrey Chaucer is born.^[41][59]

1409

October

7th

• Odin hides the Tesseract in Tønsberg, Norway.^[60][53][61]

1413

• Lorelei terrorizes the Nine Realms, using her power of enthrallment to enslave hundreds of men. She is eventually defeated by Sif and imprisoned in Asgard's dungeons.^[62]

1438

• The Inca Empire begins.^[63]

1452

April

15th

• Leonardo da Vinci is born.^[41][43]

1469

May

3rd

• Niccolò Machiavelli is born.^[41][64][65]

1507

April

13th

• A painting portraying the Virgin and Child is finished in Spain.^[66]

1519

May

2nd

• Leonardo da Vinci dies.^[34][43]

1521

• In Asgard, Haldier, the Blacksmith finds the legendary Cup of Glory. He returns to his shop leaving the treasure behind in the Old Mine.^[67]
• Days later, Haldier decides he will bring it back from the Old Mine. Loki overhears him, and comes up with his own plan stealing the Cup making Haldier as a liar.^[67]
• Loki is chased by Brunok, the son of Haldier, because Loki insulted his father. Thor stops the chase by grabbing the two of them. Loki suggests they hold a contest of virtue, cleverness and skill the next day to settle the matter, and that they should choose teams.^[67]
• Thor states that the contest will follow the traditional rules of the Virtue Challenge, which they all passed when they became adults. Loki's team and Brunok's team set off riding, until they reach the first challenge of valor they have to retrieve a treasured bone from the Wolves' Treasureyard. Loki wins the challenge and Brunok is incarcerated.^[67]

1546

December

20th

• Having spent hundreds of years living on Earth, the Berserker Warrior tells his story to a French girl. Her brother, a priest, adapts the story into the legend of "The Warrior Who Stayed".^[57]

1550

• The Edo people of Benin use an item which, by the 21st century, would eventually end up in the Museum of Great Britain.^[68][9]

1564

c. April

• William Shakespeare is born.^[41][69][64]

1591

• The Rialto Bridge is completed.^[34][70]

c. 1596-1599

• Henry IV, Part 2 is believed to have been written.^[34][70]

1606

• Macbeth is thought to have been first performed.^[34][71]

1611

• The King James Version is published.^[34][72]

1634

May

4th

• Construction on one of the first sentry boxes at Castillo San Cristóbal is finished. Over time, this particular guerite would be called "The Devil's Sentry" ("La Garita del Diablo"), becoming the subject of a legend in which soldiers disappeared from the sentry box.^[73]

1643

January

4th

• Isaac Netwon is born.^[41][74]

1650

• The Choctaw people are struck by famine and infertility of their land. One young girl, of a Divine Pairing, sacrifices her life and prosperity is restored.^[75][76]
• Madame Gao is interrogated several times throughout the 17th century.^[77]

1665

May

12th

• Albertus Seba is born.^[41][78]

1700

• Wakanda thrives as the world around them continues to war, implementing wooden ships in naval battle.^[79][9]

1706

January

17th

• Benjamin Franklin is born.^[41][80]

1723

• Crispus Attucks is born.^[41][80]

1727

March

31st

• Isaac Newton dies.^[34][74]

1732

February

22nd

• George Washington is born.^[41][81]

1734

• Cabinet of Natural Curiosities by Albertus Seba is published.^[34][78]

1754

• Columbia University is founded.^[82][83][84]

1759

• Guinness is introduced.^[34][85]

1761

December

1st

• Anna Maria Grosholtz, later known as Marie Tussaud, is born.^[41][86]

1765

• Hennessy is founded.^[34][87]

1767

March

15th

• Andrew Jackson is born.^[41][76]

1769

March

2nd

• DeWitt Clinton is born.^[41][72]

1770

March

5th

• Crispus Attucks dies in the Boston Massacre.^[34][80]

December

16th

• Ludwig van Beethoven is born.^[88][41]

1776

• The United States of America is founded.^[34][89]

1780

• Jameson Irish Whiskey is introduced.^[34][90][91]
• Altoids are invented.^[34][81]

1789

• Stanislav, the first ruler of Sokovia, is born.^[92]

July

27th

• The United States Department of State is formed.^[34][70]

1793

• In New Orleans, brothers Leland and Ewin Wilson arrange a duel over a woman's affection. A hurricane strikes the city, and as they prepare to duel in the rain, Leland, the older brother, decides that if they die without conflict it might still save their family from being torn apart. He allows Ewin to shoot him, and as he dies, the feud is ended and so too is the storm. They are later realized to have been a Divine Pairing.^[93][76]

c. 1797

• Isabella Baumfree, later known as Sojourner Truth, is born.^[41][90]

1800s

• The great-grandfather of Ulysses Klaue is killed by the Black Panther of Wakanda.^[94]

1800

April

24th

• The Library of Congress is established.^[34][59]

1801

September

10th

• Marie Laveau is born.^[41][93]

1809

February

12th

• Charles Darwin is born.^[41][90]
• Abraham Lincoln is born.^[41][90]

August

6th

• Alfred, Lord Tennyson is born.^[41][95]

1812

June

18th

• The War of 1812 begins.^[34][35][76]

1814

December

24th

• The Treaty of Ghent is signed, ending the War of 1812.^[34][35]

1815

January

8th

• The Battle of New Orleans occurs in the aftermath of the War of 1812 as people do not know yet that it is alright to stop fighting.^[34][35]

• A young private is sent to General Jackson with the message of the ceasefire, but fell on the way. He dies in the hands of a young refugee maiden, but she sees the urgency in his eyes and carries the message to Jackson, ending the battle. The private and maiden are later realized to have been a Divine Pairing.^[76]

1818

c. February

• Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, later known as Frederick Douglass, is born.^[41][72][90]

1819

May

24th

• Queen Victoria is born.^[41][61]

31st

• Walt Whitman is born.^[41][86]

August

1st

• Herman Melville is born.^[41][96]

1820

• Johnnie Walker is introduced.^[34][97]

July

10th

• A record is made of a shipment made in New York by the Hand in one of their many company names.^[88] "Abigail King" signs the form.^[44]

1822

April

27th

• Hiram Ulysses Grant, later known as Ulysses S. Grant, is born.^[41][81]

1828

February

8th

• Jules Verne is born.^[41][98]

1829

• Georgetown College is founded.^[34][99]

1830

• The Trail of Tears begins.^[100]

November

8th

• Oliver Otis Howard is born.^[41][59]

1833

May

7th

• Johannes Brahms is born.^[88]

1835

November

30th

• Samuel Langhorne Clemens is born, later known as Mark Twain.^[41][101]

December

16th

• Thumbelina is first published.^[34][102]

1836

February

23rd

• The Battle of the Alamo begins.^{[34][103][104]}

1839

April

8th

• A group of English noblemen, members of HYDRA Society, meet to choose one of them to enter a portal inside a stone monolith.^[105]

1840

June

2nd

• Thomas Hardy is born.^[41][59]

November

14th

• Oscar-Claude Monet, later known simply as Claude Monet, is born.^{[41][106][71]}

1843

January

• The Tell-Tale Heart is published.^[34][107]

1844

• Stanislav, the first ruler of Sokovia, dies.^[92]
• Pabst Blue Ribbon is introduced.^[34][85]

1845

• Clinton Correctional Facility is opened.^[34][59]

August

2nd

• "Audrey Thompson" signs a business form for the Hand.^[44]

1849

• Old Milwaukee is introduced.^[34][85]

1850

• The Bobo Ashanti people in what would become known as Ghana use an item which, by the 21st century, would eventually end up in the Museum of Great Britain.^[108][9]

1851

November

14th

• Moby-Dick; or, The Whale by Herman Melville is published.^[34][96]

1853

• "Elliot Randolph" visits a castle in England while following rumors of a group of lords who traveled across the stars.^[105]

1854

December

9th

• The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson is published.^[34][95]

1855

• The Miller Brewing Company is founded.^[34][85]

1857

November

1st

• The Atlantic Monthly, later known as The Atlantic, publishes its first issue.^[34][98]

1859

May

31st

• The London Clock Tower, later known as Elizabeth Tower, housing the Big Ben bell, is completed.^[34][109]

1861

April

10th

• The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is founded.^[34][110]

1862

July

16th

• Ida B. Wells is born.^[41][90]

1863

• Martini & Rossi is founded.^[34][97]
• The Hatfield-McCoy feud occurs.^[34][111]

December

18th

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is born.^[41][103]

1864

June

22nd

• Hermann Minkowski is born.^[41][112]

November

25th

• Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne is published.^[34][98]

29th

• Sand Creek Massacre: Around seven hundred men of one of the militias of the United States Military slaughter a peaceful village of Cheyenne in Sand Creek, Colorado, killing and mutilating around one hundred Native Americans, mostly women and children. The militiamen waited for the men of the tribe to leave the village, and they attacked the families left behind to claim their land.^[113][114]

1865

July

2nd

• The Salvation Army is founded.^[34][70]

1867

December

23rd

• Sarah Breedlove, later known as Madam C. J. Walker, is born.^[41][115]

1868

• Howard University College of Medicine is founded.^[41][59]

February

23rd

• W. E. B. Du Bois is born.^[41][104]

March

23rd

• The University of California, Berkeley is founded.^[34][81]

1869

September

14th

• Abraham Erskine is born in Augsburg, Germany.^[116]

October

2nd

• Mahatma Gandhi is born.^[41][94]

1872

• Pirelli is founded.^[34][97]
• The Wild Red Hawks are founded.^[117]

May

• The Popular Science Monthly, later known as Popular Science, publishes its first issue.^[34][98]

1873

Fall

• Two String, Quartets, Op. 51 by Brahms is published.^[88][34]

1874

March

24th

• Erik Weisz, later known as Harry Houdini, is born.^{[41][118][119]}

November

30th

• Winston Churchill is born.^[41][61]

December

3rd

• Chester Phillips is born.^[120]

1875

July

10th

• Mary Jane McLeod, later known as Mary McLeod Bethune, is born.^[41][90]

1876

• The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is published, including the character of Huckleberry Finn.^[41][101]
• Budweiser is introduced.^[34][85]

1877

• The Championships, Wimbledon is founded.^[34][121]

November

23rd

• Lawrence Chenault is born.^[41][103]

1878

• Mount Olivet Baptist Church is organized.^[122]

December

18th

• Joseph Stalin is born.^[41]

1879

March

14th

• Albert Einstein is born.^[41][123]

1881

• Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is established.^[34][124]

October

3rd

• Laura Bowman is born.^[41][103]

1882

January

30th

• Franklin D. Roosevelt is born.^[41]

September

22nd

• Wilhelm Keitel is born.^[41]

October

29th

• The Devil's Wall premieres on Prague.^[34][70]

1883

• Life is founded.^[34][97]
• The National Horse Show is inaugurated.^[34][86]

February

17th

• Edmond Cleary Cass is born.^[125][126]

July

3rd

• Franz Kafka is born.^[34][127]

July

29th

• Benito Mussolini is born.^[41][128]

1884

January

2nd

• Oscar Micheaux is born.^[41][103]

May

8th

• Harry S. Truman is born.^[41]

1885

January

8th

• John Curtin is born.^[41][61]

November

11th

• George S. Patton is born.^[41][61]

1886

May

8th

• Coca-Cola is introduced.^{[34][129][121]}

October

28th

• The Statue of Liberty is dedicated to the United States of America.^[34][130]

1887

• A Study in Pink is published, featuring the character of Sherlock Holmes.^[34][131]

August

17th

• Marcus Garvey Jr. is born.^[41][84]

1888

September

4th

• Kodak is founded.^[34][97]

22nd

• National Geographic publishes its first issue.^{[34][90][132]}

October

16th

• Eugene O'Neill is born.^[41][94]

November

24th

• Dale Carnagey, later known as Dale Carnegie, is born.^[41][131]

1889

• Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is published.^[34][43]

April

20th

• Adolf Hitler is born.^[41]

1890

October

14th

• Dwight D. Eisenhower is born.^[41]

November

22nd

• Charles de Gaulle is born.^[41][61]

1891

January

7th

• Zora Neale Hurston is born.^[41][80][90]

September

16th

• Karl Dönitz is born.^[41]

1892

• Toronto Star is founded.^[34][97]
• The Coca-Cola Company is founded.^[34][103]
• Sears is founded.^[34][133]

January

26th

• Bessie Coleman is born.^[41][90]

1893

• Julian "Pappy" Van Winkle, Sr. begins working as a salesman for the liquor wholesaler, W.L. Weller & Sons, which would eventually lead to his acquisition of the firm and the eventual creation of Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve.^[34][98]

April

28th

• Alec Lovejoy is born.^[41][103]

1894

April

15th

• Nikita Khrushchev is born.^[41]

July

26th

• Aldous Huxley is born.^[41][22]

August

16th

• Andrew Bishop is born.^[41][103]

1896

• Michelob is introduced.^[34][85]

September

24th

• F. Scott Fitzgerald is born.^[41][96]

December

23rd

• Clarence Brooks is born.^[41][103]

1897

• The Dow Chemical Company is founded.^[34][64]
• DeWitt Clinton High School is established.^[34][72]

May

26th

• Dracula is published, featuring the character of Count Dracula.^[34][65]

July

24th

• Amelia Earhart is born.^[41][85]

November

24th

• Charles Luciano, later known as Lucky Luciano, is born.^[41][119]

1898

• Entenmann's is founded.^[34][81]

May

31st

• Norman Vincent Peale is born.^[41][134]

November

29th

• Clive Staples Lewis is born.^[34][98]

1899

• MIT Technology Review publishes its first issue.^[34][97]

April

29th

• Edward Ellington, later known as Duke Ellington, is born.^[41][80][59]

References