Red Skull

"Great power has always baffled primitive men. HYDRA is assembling an arsenal to destroy my enemies in one stroke, wherever they are, regardless of how many forces they possess, all in a matter of hours."

- Johann Schmidt Johann Schmidt is the founder and commanding officer of HYDRA, a special weapons division of the Nazi Schutzstaffel. A brilliant scientist in his own right, he fought his way through the ranks of Nazi elite to become a confidant of Adolf Hitler himself. However, his ambition to become the superior man led him to test the Super Soldier Serum on himself which transformed him into the horrifying Red Skull. After gaining possession of the mystical Tesseract and its unimaginable power, he decided to turn his back on the Third Reich and rule the world alone. However, as World War II raged, his plans would be challenged by the only Allied super soldier, Captain America.

Early Life
"What if the old Norse tales Wagner adopts into his operas are more history than myth, mein Führer?"

- Johann Schmidt to Adolf Hitler Schmidt was born in Berlin, Germany and was a smart student. Eventually, he became a physicist. Over the time, he became interested in Norse mythology. He developed a theory that Norse gods and their "magic" could be more than myth.

Joining the SS
"Now Schmidt is a member of the inner circle and he is ambitious. He and Hitler share a passion for occult power and Teutonic myth. Hitler uses his fantasies to inspire his followers, but for Schmidt, it is not fantasy. For him, it is real."

- Abraham Erskine on Johann Schmidt In February 1934, at the Deutsches Opernhaus in Berlin, Schmidt met Adolf Hitler, the Führer of Nazi Germany, the Third Reich. With him was Ernst Kaufmann, head of the Sturmabteilung (SA)'s Special Weapons Division. Schmidt revealed them his theory that magic could be “the oldest science ever known”. Hitler was intrigued by Schmidt's ideas, but Kaufmann was less impressed. Nevertheless, Hitler ordered Kaufmann to arrange a meeting between him and Schmidt.

But, when Hitler left the scene, Kaumfann and his men took Schmidt out of the opera. Schmidt offered to conduct research in Kaufmann's special weapons division, but was violently rejected. Kaufmann threatened to kill Schmidt if he came near Hitler again. But when Kaufmann and his goons returned to the opera, Schmidt was approached by Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), the elite Nazi paramilitary unit that served as Hitler's body guard. Himmler was interested in Schmidt's ideas, and recruited him into the SS.

At the Head of HYDRA
"Herr Himmler shares my interest in the old ways. And the Schutzstaffel is more than happy to oblige."

- Johann Schmidt

In June 1934, as part of the, Schmidt assassinated Kaufmann and seized control of his weapons program.

A week later, Schmidt and his SS troops attacked the SA Weapons Testing Ground at Kummersdorf (46km south of Berlin). After killing almost the entire personnel of the base, Schmidt found and recruited Arnim Zola, a scientist who worked on the advanced exo-skeleton battle armour.

Eventually, Schmidt rose to the rank of Obergruppenführer (Lieutenant general), and formed his own branch of the SS, HYDRA.

In September 1935, the German biochemist Abraham Erskine attempted to flee Germany with his family. His wife's father was a Jew and Erskine wanted to take his family to safety. They were stopped at the Germany/Switzerland border by Schmidt and his men. Schmidt wanted Erskine's work on ways to increase molecular density of cellular fibers through synthetic proteins. In order to ensure Erskine's cooperation, Schmidt sent Erskine's wife Greta and his children Klaus and Marlene to the Dachau concentration camp. Arnim Zola was allowed to resume his work on exo-skeleton battle suits and various high-tech weaponry.

Two years later, Erskine's wife and children died in the camp, but Schmidt never revealed that information to Erskine.

Becoming the Red Skull
"We know that the superior man will not be born, Professor Erskine. He will not be a member of any "master race". He will be a race unto himself. And you are going to help me make him." "You...work with Nazis even though you do not follow their ideology?"

- Johann Schmidt and Abraham Erskine

In 1939, the Nazi Germany invaded Poland, thus starting World War II. Schmidt actively participated in German conquests, earning several high military decorations, including the and the. In 1940, the first, unstable version of Abraham Erskine's Super Soldier Serum was finished. At Castle Kaufmann in the, Schmidt injected himself with the serum. The serum was supposed to make him faster, stronger, and more agile. It worked but not without cost. His face was burnt and deformed, making it red, looking like skull. Though he adopted a synthetic mask that resembled his former appearance to disguise the deformity, he gained the nickname "Red Skull". Erskine ran away to America with the help of Peggy Carter and joined the Strategic Scientific Reserve.

As a small reward for his injuries, Hitler gave Schmidt a military base in the Alps. Schmidt turned the base into the headquarters of HYDRA, where his scientists worked on developing new weapons for the Third Reich. However, Schmidt saw his new post more as an exile than the reward.

1942
"The Tesseract was the jewel of Odin's treasure room. It's not something one buries. But I think it is close, yes?"

- Johann Schmidt After researching history Schmidt learned about the mythical Tesseract, which was lost on Earth. Believing it to be real he began searching for it, knowing it would give him power. In March 1942, Schmidt and his army invaded Tønsberg, Norway, looking for the Tesseract. After entering a church, he encountered the Church Keeper who refused to tell him where the object was. However, Schmidt found the Tesseract in the wall and shot the church keeper with his gun.

After gaining the Tesseract, Schmidt returned to his base and gave the object to Arnim Zola for studying. The Tesseract was shown to be so powerful that it could destroy the world. Seeing this Schmidt decided to overthrow Adolf Hitler and rule the world alone.

In the meantime, another HYDRA officer, General Werner Reinhardt, was sent to search for similar artifacts. Reinhardt's team was able to discover the Obelisk in some unspecified location, possibly in the deserts of North Africa. When Reinhardt showed the artifact to his leader, Schmidt said that the Obelisk may hold the answer to death itself.

1943
"My weapons contain enough destructive power to decimate every hostile capital on Earth. Quite simply, gentlemen, I have harnessed the power of the gods."

- Johann Schmidt to Roeder, Schneider, and Hutter

Schmidt and Zola successfully harnessed the energies of the Tesseract, intending to use the power to fuel Arnim Zola's inventions. Schmidt, having discovered Abraham Erskine's location, dispatched an assassin to kill him. In America, Erskine subjected Steve Rogers to the super-soldier treatment, injecting him with the Super Soldier Serum and dosing him with Vita Radiation. Rogers was transformed into Captain America, but Schmidt's assassin, Heinz Kruger, managed to kill Erskine. When three SS officers came to Schmidt's base to question him about the progress in developing advanced weapons for the Third Reich, Schmidt showed them his Tesseract powered weapons. But when they saw Berlin marked as one of Schmidt's targets on a map, Schmidt vaporized them with his advanced cannon. In that moment, Schmidt definitely turned his back to Hitler and the Nazi cause as he felt that HYDRA could grow no more in Hitler's shadow; he then had his men shout "Hail HYDRA!" to show their loyalty to him. Zola was horrified but remained loyal to Schmidt. Schmidt and Zola continued their research into the Tesseract, using Allied soldiers as slaves, overworking and torturing them until death. When Zola reminded him that they may not have the strength to continue, Schmidt simply replied that there would always be more workers. In November 1943, Schmidt's base in Austria was invaded by Captain America, who came to free his friend Bucky Barnes and the other P.O.W.s. When a huge battle occurred after the prisoners escaped, Schmidt activated the base's self-destruct mode. He and Zola were about to leave when Rogers and Bucky confronted him. To show Rogers they are both test subjects, he punched and made a hole in Rogers' shield. Zola separated the two super soldiers and Schmidt then ripped off his face mask to show him what the serum did to his face. While Rogers and Barnes were stunned, he escaped in a plane while Zola took his car. Knowing that Rogers and the U.S. army were after him, he decided to accelerate his plans.

1944
"Yes, please, do enter, Captain. Learn if you are worthy of standing by my side."

- Johann Schmidt

In April 1944, Schmidt was in a castle on an island in the Nazi occupied Danish Straits. There, he studied a mystical Viking Runestone. However, Rogers and the Howling Commandos invaded the castle. Schmidt attempted to destroy them but they survived. Unfortunately for Schmidt, Rogers memorized the locations of all HYDRA bases which he saw on a map in Schmidt's base in Austria. He and the Howling Commandos began to take them down one by one. Schmidt explored the ruins of one of these destroyed bases. Furious, he screamed at his soldiers and threatened Arnim Zola. When one HYDRA survivor appeared, Schmidt shot him without mercy. At the same time, Schmidt had his top scientist made nuclear bombs powered by the Tesseract. No one knew about his plans until Rogers captured Zola and he ratted him out.

The Last Fight
"You could have the power of the gods! Yet you wear a flag on your chest and think you fight a battle of nations! I have seen the future Captain! There are no flags!" "Not in my future!"

- Red Skull and Captain America

In May 1945, the U.S. Army attacked Schmidt's base which made Schmidt accelerate his plans. After a brief battle with Schmidt's soldiers which killed many HYDRA soldiers, his men captured Captain America. Rogers was brought before Schmidt to be excuted by him personally, he asked Rogers what made him so special, when Rogers answered that it was nothing, he was just a kid from Brooklyn, this mockery angered Schmidt who punched Rogers several times. Schmidt prepared to shoot Rogers but at the same moment, the Allied troops under Colonel Chester Phillips, Agent Peggy Carter and the Howling Commandos stormed it. During the chaos Rogers was rescued and Schmidt escaped. During the fight, Schmidt killed several American soldiers. When he saw that his men could not stop the attackers, he retreated to his plane which was stored with flying bombs. He intended to nuke all bigger cities in the USA. During the launch, Rogers hopped on his plane. After taking out his guards Rogers climbed on the outside of one of the bombs and threw out the pilot. Schmidt tried and failed to shoot him out of the sky. Rogers crashed the bomb into the plane, he got out and made his was to the cock pit where he confronted Schmidt. They engaged in a fist fight with Schmidt winning. The plane spiraled out of control and Schmidt and Rogers were seperated. Schmidt managed to get ahold of his gun and shot at Rogers, claiming that he would create a future where they were no flags, Rogers said this wouldn't be his future and managed to throw his shield at Schmidt, damaging the machine containing the Tesseract. Schmidt grabbed the Tesseract, but the object opened a portal and launched Schmidt into it seemingly killing him.

Legacy
"Herr Reinhardt, I-I fear Schmidt..." "Oh, there's no reason left to fear the Red Skull. He's dead. However, his vision is not. The work HYDRA has done will live on."

- HYDRA Officer and Werner Reinhardt

Even though Schmidt was gone, his disappearance did not mean the end of his ideas. His subordinates like Arnim Zola, Wolfgang von Strucker and Daniel Whitehall continued his work, enabling HYDRA to survive its biggest defeat and live into the 21st century. Meanwhile, his enemies, such as Howard Stark and S.H.I.E.L.D., use his name as the greatest example of evil.

Personality Traits
"He has become convinced that there is a great power hidden in the Earth, left here by the gods, waiting to be seized by a superior man. So when he hears about my formula and what it can do, he cannot resist. Schmidt must become that superior man."

- Abraham Erskine on Johann Schmidt Johann Schmidt is a megalomaniac and egocentric genius who firmly believes in the Nazis' misinterpretation of Nietzsche's Übermensch (over-man) concept where a race of superhuman beings are destined to rule the normal ones. Believing himself to be such a man, he used both magic and science to obtain a central position in Adolf Hitler's army, until his conceit arrived to the point of believing to be greater than Hitler himself, thus starting a plan to overthrow him. Unlike other Nazis, Schmidt doesn't believe that the Germans are the destined "master race", but rather that the superior man must yet be made.

Schmidt is pitiless and cruel, but also a scientific genius, who is able to see beyond appearances and managed to see the truth behind myths believed to be superstition, in reality fragments of Asgardian origin.

Schmidt was said to be a fully-fledged supporter of the Nazi Party until the incident which left him deformed. The truth is that he worked with the Nazis only so he could use their resources to achieve his own goals, and no longer seemed to share the racial ideals of Nazism. He claims that he was isolated to his palace in the Alps because he "no longer shares Hitler's image of Aryan Perfection". Though he is disillusioned by the Führer's ideals, he is still morally devoid and capable of mass murder. Once a mere professor at the university in Berlin, Schmidt became a cold-blooded killer who would do anything to accomplish his goals. Even his subordinate officers had reasons to fear him, if they didn't do their job right. Death was the only penalty he would give to those who failed him.

Powers
As a result of the formula developed by Abraham Erskine, Schmidt was horribly disfigured, but also obtained incredible attributes, such as an enormous strength, speed, stamina and reflexes, and got even his intelligence increased, becoming a war mastermind.
 * Enhanced Strength: Schmidt's strength was enhanced to above peak human level. He was able to move a giant stone casket lid with one arm, when three normal men could barely make it budge. His punches were capable of hurting Captain America, despite his similar super soldier enhanced body.
 * Enhanced Speed:
 * Enhanced Agility:
 * Enhanced Durability:
 * Enhanced Stamina:
 * Regenerative Healing Factor:

Abilities
"He thinks that he is a god and he's willing to blow up half the world to prove it."

- Chester Phillips


 * Master Tactician: As the leader of HYDRA, Schmidt was in command of all the organization's soldiers and led them in many operations during World War II.
 * Expert Scientist:

Equipment

 * Weapons
 * : Schmidt was armed with the standard pistol used by members of the armed forces of Nazi Germany.
 * HYDRA Pistol: Under Schmidt's leadership, HYDRA was able to harness the power of the Tesseract, gaining access to a source of energy the like of which has never be seen, and used it to implement his weapons. HYDRA developed a Tesseract-powered handgun with a design similar to the Luger pistol that became Schmidt's weapon of choice.
 * Uniform: Before and during the first years of World War II, Schmidt used an official black SS uniform, wearing the rank insignia of . He wore three military decorations on the left side of the uniform, the, the , and the . Over the uniform, he wore the black leather coat with the HYDRA badge on the left side of the collar. His officer cap also had the HYDRA badge instead of the SS Totenkopf badge. From 1943 on, he wore the unique green uniform with the HYDRA insignia on the upper parts of the sleeves. In March 1945, he briefly wore a unique black uniform while piloting the Valkyrie.

Allies

 * HYDRA - Subordinates
 * Arnim Zola †
 * Werner Reinhardt †
 * Heinz Kruger †
 * HYDRA Lieutenant
 * Velt † - Victim
 * Vincent Beckers †
 * Nazi Germany - Allies turned Enemies
 * Adolf Hitler †
 * Heinrich Himmler † - Former Mentor
 * Schneider † - Victim
 * Roeder † - Victim
 * Hutter † - Victim
 * Ernst Kaufmann † - Victim

Video Games Only

 * Sin - Daughter
 * Heinrich Zemo - Unwilling Ally
 * Madame Hydra - Subordinate
 * Wolfgang von Strucker - Subordinate
 * Iron Cross - Subordinate

Enemies

 * Howling Commandos
 * Captain America - Archenemy
 * Bucky Barnes
 * Dum Dum Dugan
 * Gabe Jones
 * Jim Morita †
 * James Montgomery Falsworth †
 * Jacques Dernier
 * Strategic Scientific Reserve
 * Chester Phillips †
 * Abraham Erskine †
 * Peggy Carter
 * Howard Stark †

Trivia

 * In the non-canon video game Captain America: Super Soldier, the Red Skull makes an alliance with Baron Heinrich Zemo and HYDRA occupies Zemo's castle in Bavaria. When Captain America infiltrates the castle in 1944, the Red Skull uses the Tesseract to activate the Sleeper, the giant robot buried beneath the castle.
 * In the comics, the Red Skull was Hitler's right hand, second in command and personal assassin. Red Skull has no relationships with HYDRA although he helped Baron Wolfgang von Strucker (the original HYDRA's director) to escape from Germany and to organize HYDRA in the Japanese-occupied territory in the final days of World War II.
 * The Red Skull is only referred to as such once in Captain America: The First Avenger, by Nazi officer Schneider who was in fact paraphrasing Hitler. All other times in the film, he is addressed or called by his original name, and his reaction to Schneider's remark suggests he is not fond of the new moniker. Curiously, in virtually all subsequent mentions (Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Agent Carter), he is called "the Red Skull", including by HYDRA subordinates, such as Werner Reinhardt.

Behind the Scenes

 * Johann Schmidt was portrayed by Hugo Weaving in Captain America: The First Avenger and voiced by Keith Ferguson in Captain America: Super Soldier. Weaving's "Red Skull" mask in the film was a latex mask conceived by prosthetic makeup designer David White. The visual effects team had to manipulate his face considerably, as the mask was bulky and they wanted to make it look like tight skin wrapped around a very bony structure. They thinned out Weaving's cheeks and lower lip, hollowed out his eyes, and removed his eyelashes and nose to make him appear more like the Red Skull.
 * In Zak Penn's draft for The Avengers movie, the Red Skull was featured as the main villain alongside Loki.
 * When he finds the Tesseract, Johann Schmidt says:"And the Führer digs for trinkets in the desert." That could be a reference to the where Hitler sends his men to search for the Ark of the Covenant and the Holy Grail in the deserts of Africa. This is likely since Kevin Feige, the producer, stated they took inspiration from Raiders of the Lost Ark because they hoped the film would not feel like a period piece. Also, Disney purchased Marvel Entertainment before production began, Disney now being the owner of the Indiana Jones franchise as part of the company purchasing Lucasfilm in 2013. Joe Johnston, director of Captain America: The First Avenger won and Academy Award for his work as a Visual Effects Artists in .
 * Hugo Weaving has stated that even though he enjoyed playing the Red Skull, he is not interested in reprising the role for further installments.